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A Games History

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The history of games dates to the ancient past.[1] Games are an integral part of all societies. Like work and relationships, they are an expression of some basic part of the human nature. Games are formalized expressions of play which allow people to go beyond immediate imagination and direct physical activity. Games capture the ideas and behaviors of people at one period of time and carry that through time to their descendants. Games like liubo, xiangqi, and go illustrate the thinking of the military leaders who employed them centuries ago. When archaeologists excavate an ancient society they find artefacts related to living, working, family and social activities, games often become an archival record of how individuals and groups played in earlier times.

Contents [hide]

1 Dice games

2 Tile games

3 Board games

3.1 Extinct board games

3.2 Ancient board games

3.3 Chaturanga, xiangqi, shogi, chess

3.4 16th through 18th centuries

3.5 19th century

3.6 20th century

4 Dart games

4.1 American darts

4.2 Audio darts

4.3 Darts cricket

4.4 Dartball

4.5 Dart Golf

4.6 Fives

4.7 Halve it

4.8 Killer

4.9 Lawn Darts

4.10 Shanghai

5 Card games

6 Table games

7 Electronic games

8 References

Dice games [edit]

Dice appear to be among the earliest pieces of specialised gaming equipment used by humans, having been used throughout Asia since before recorded history, the oldest known examples being a 3000-year-old set unearthed at an archaeological site in southeastern Iran.[2] Notable dice games have included Hazard, a game popular in Europe from the 14th through the 18th centuries, Chuck-a-luck, a related game also known as birdcage, Craps, which replaced Hazard in popularity during the 19th century, and Sic bo, a Far Eastern Chuck-a-luck variant which evolved into a popular casino game in the 20th century. Toy

Tile games [edit]

What appear to have been the earliest references to gaming tiles are mentions of kwat pai, or "bone tiles", used in gambling, in Chinese writings no later than 900 CE.[3] The earliest definite references to Chinese dominoes are found in the literature of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), while Western-style dominoes are a more recent variation, with the earliest examples being of early-18th century Italian design.[4] The tile game Mahjong, also of Chinese origin, first appears in the written record in the mid-19th century, and was first mentioned in a publication written in a language other than Chinese in 1895.

Board games [edit]

Extinct board games [edit]

Among the earliest board games discovered by archaeologists and historians are a number of games the exact rules of which have been forgotten, with rules sometimes being completely unknown today and sometimes being only partially understood, although in many cases proposed or theorised rulesets for these games have been offered by historians and board game manufacturers. Among the earliest examples of board games whose rules have been lost is senet, a game found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burial sites in Egypt (circa 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE, respectively) and in hieroglyphs dating to around 3100 BCE.[5]

The extinct Chinese board game liubo was immensely popular during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE). Early Chinese records indicate that liubo was already a popular game by the Warring States Period (476 BCE – 221 BCE).[6][7] Although the game's rules have been lost, gameplay was apparently not unlike Senet in that playing pieces were moved about a board using sticks thrown to determine movements.

The Tafl games were a family of ancient Germanic and Celtic board games played across much of Northern Europe from earlier than 400 CE until the 12th century,[8] although the rules of the games were never explicitly recorded and are only partially understood today.[9]

Ancient board games [edit]

The Royal Game of Ur, or Game of Twenty Squares, dated from the First Dynasty of Ur, before 2600 BCE, has been documented as still being played in Iraq.[10]

Go, also known as Weiqi, Igo, or Baduk (in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, respectively), has been evident in the archaeological record as far back as 200 BCE – 200 CE, with the earliest definite literary references dating to the 4th century BCE,[11] and possible references occurring earlier. Go is played by an estimated 27 million people throughout the world today, professionally in many countries.

Backgammon, which came into its current form in the 6th or 7th century CE, is closely related to similar games dating back even further, excavations at Shahr-e Sokhteh in Iran having shown examples of such games dated as early as 3000 BCE.

The earliest evidence of Mancala consists of fragments of pottery boards and several rock cuts found in Aksumite in Ethiopia, Matara (now in Eritrea), and Yeha (also in Ethiopia), which have been dated by archaeologists to between the 6th and 7th century CE. The game is today played worldwide, with many distinct variants representing different regions of the Third World.

Nine Men's Morris and its variants, which likely emerged from the Roman Empire,[12] peaked in popularity in medieval England.[13] Along with other significant games of the period, it is both described and depicted in the Libro de los juegos, completed in 1283.

Chaturanga, xiangqi, shogi, chess [edit]

Chaturanga, a board game which developed in India during the 6th century CE, was the apparent common ancestor of xiangqi (Chinese; the earliest xiangqi pieces yet discovered dating from the Song dynasty, 960 – 1279[14] and the earliest definite written source being the Xuanguai lu, authored by the Tang Dynasty minister Niu Sengru (779–847)[15]), shogi (Japanese; the earliest generally accepted mention being circa 1060), and chess (occasionally called Western or International Chess to distinguish it from Far Eastern varieties, which came into its current form in Europe during the 15th century), as well as makruk (Thai), sittuyin (Burmese), and janggi (Korean).

16th through 18th centuries [edit]

Snakes and Ladders is believed to have originated in India as Moksha Patam, emphasising the role of fate or karma; the game dates at least to the 16th century as part of a family of dice board games, including Pachisi (a descendant of the earlier game Ludo).

19th century [edit]

Designed in England by George Fox in 1800, The Mansion of Happiness became the prototype for commercial board games for at least two centuries to follow. While demonstrating the commercial viability of the ancient race game format, its moralistic overtones were countered by Milton Bradley in 1860 with the introduction of a radically different concept of success in The Checkered Game of Life, in which material successes came as a result of material accomplishments, such as attending college. Likewise the Game of the District Messenger Boy (1886), which also focused on daily rather than eternal life.

20th century [edit]

The French board game L'Attaque was first commercially released in 1910, having been designed two years prior as a military-themed imperfect knowledge game based upon the earlier Chinese children's board game Dou Shou Qi. L'Attaque was subsequently adapted by the Chinese into Luzhanqi (or Lu Zhan Jun Qi), and by Milton Bradley into Stratego, the latter having been trademarked in 1960 while the former remains in the public domain.

Self-published in 1933-34, and first professionally published by Parker Brothers in 1935, the origins of the board game Monopoly run as far back as 1903.[16] Initially designed in 1938, Scrabble received its first mass-market exposure in 1952, two years prior to the release of Diplomacy, in 1954. Originally released in 1957 as La Conquête du Monde ("The Conquest of the World") in France, the Cold War-themed Risk was first published under its English title in 1959.

A concentrated design movement towards the German-style board game, or Eurogame, began in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Germany,[17] and led to the development of board games such as Carcassone, The Settlers of Catan, and Puerto Rico

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