Sports Games

Sports Games History

Source(Google.com.pk)

Sporting events and changes are influenced by the current economic, social and political situations. In sociology we have the following approaches to the study of sport - Functionalism, Marxism, Social action and Interactionism. Each has a different view on society, the place of sport in society and the changes in sport over time.

 

Medieval period (1200 - 1485)

People had little time or energy for recreational activities

Leisure time activities were confined to feast days

Games were local in nature, each village having its own traditional activities

From time to time the government would ban these traditional activities in favour of archery training

Tudor and Stuart period (1485 - 1714)

Traditional folk games and activities flourished in Tudor times

Puritanism greatly reduced the opportunities to play and types of activity allowed

After the restoration in 1660, traditional activities were revived

Sport moved away from its link with merrymaking

Hanoverian period (1714 - 1790)

Play and sport were largely ignored by the government

People of all classes enjoyed their leisure to the full

Increasing industrialisation demanded regular working patterns

There was some pressure for Sunday to be a day of rest

Large gatherings for sport often meant social disorder

Regular, organised, rule-governed sport on a national scale emerged

Changing times (1790 -1830)

Traditional sport was under attack from all sides

Factory owners wanted a regular working week

Property owners feared the damage caused by large crowds

Churches criticised idleness, drunkenness and slack morality

Commercialisation of sport developed, especially in horse racing, cricket and prize fighting

Victorian Sport (1830 - 1901)

Sport developed in the context of industrial capitalism and class inequality

Sport became linked to a moral code defined by the middle classes:

it was accepted that sport developed character and morality

competition had to be fair and rule-governed with similar conditions for all players

sport was to be played, not for reward, but for its own sake

Nationwide sport developed through the influence of technology, the public schools and the national governing bodies

For the masses, Saturday afternoon free from work was the turning point, enabling them to play and spectate

Amateur and professional sport became increasingly separated

Working class sport in school was limited largely to drill and therapeutic gymnastics

 

Edwardian Sport (1901 - 1918)

Organised sporting involvement expanded rapidly across all classes

Increasingly, the different classes played their sport separately

Public school athleticism still dominated sport

Male working class influence increased, notably in football in England and rugby in Wales. However, working class women were largely excluded from sporting involvement

Commercialisation of sport continued with large numbers of spectators and increased numbers of professionals in major sports

Sport was increasingly a matter of national concern

Between the world wars (1918 - 1940)

Steady growth in sports participation continued for all classes of society, although working class were least involved

Most sports were still class orientated

Football (in all its versions) continued to increase in popularity and by the 1930s, was the most popular sporting activity

Lack of facilities became an issue, particularly when national teams failed

There was little government involvement in sport, apart from physical education in schools

School physical education moved from therapeutic exercises to creative physical training

Commercialisation of sport expanded rapidly, especially the provision for spectator sport

Sport, as a part of a national culture, now extended to the majority of the population

British Sport (1940 - Today)

An improved standard of living enabled greater participation in sport for most social groups

Amateur administrators only reluctantly allowed commercial forces to enter the world of sport

Professional sports people had a long battle to be given fair rewards

Television coverage increased in importance for sport and the sponsors

The definition of amateurism for competition was replaced by the concept of eligibility

Central government involvement in sport has always been fragmentary

There has been a long standing under funding of sport by central government

An advisory Sports Council was established in 1965 and the independent executive Sports Council in 1972

Physical education was established in the 1944 Act for its educational value

The movement approach conflicted with traditional games teaching

Physical education moved away from educational values towards physical recreation and more recently towards health-related fitness

Various academic qualifications in physical education stimulated scrutiny of the subject (for example, BEd, CSE, GCSE, A-Level)

Physical education is now established in the national curriculum as a foundation subject

There has been an increasing influence of market forces on schools, physical education, sports facilities and sport

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